Anatomy

Single coil pickup diagram

Almost all guitar pickups can be broken down into three basic parts:
Magents: pole pieces, bar magnets, or both.
Coiled Wire: conductive wire wrapped around a part of the pickup.
Housing: the structure that houses the pickup.
These parts come together to form an electromagnetic device that forms a magnet current
that magnetizes the guitar string and "picks up" the vibrations to amplify the sound.
There are a variety of different types of guitar pickups, each built different to change the sound of the pickup.

References

Orpheo. (2022, October 5). The Anatomy Of Single Coil Pickups. Guitar Pickups, Bass Pickups, Pedals.
https://www.seymourduncan.com/blog/latest-updates/the-anatomy-of-single-coil-pickups